to colonize and survive on plant surfaces. Several factors have a known or suggested influence on the ability of Stenotrophomonas spp. ![]() are highly adaptable to hostile and nutrient-limited environments. maltophilia have been isolated from the roots of many plant species, including cucumber ( Cucumis sativus) 25, oilseed rape ( Brassica napus) 26, potato ( Solanum tuberosum) 26, strawberry ( Fragaria x ananassa) 26, alfalfa ( Medicago sativa) 27, sunflower ( Helianthus annuus) 27, maize ( Zea mays) 28, rice ( Oryza sativa) 29, wheat ( Triticum astivum) 30, various weeds, willow ( Salix herbacea) 31 and poplar ( Populus) 32.įactors involved in plant colonization. These bacteria can be isolated from the rhizosphere 23, 24 or from internal plant tissues, particularly from the vascular tissues of the root and stem ( Fig. rhizophila, are often found in association with plants. In this Review, we describe the versatility of bacteria from the genus Stenotrophomonas, using a comparison of these recently sequenced genomes to highlight the possible genetic basis of adaptation to different niches.Īssociations of Stenotrophomonas with plants maltophilia R551-3, and a clinical isolate, S. Furthermore, the full genome sequence of an environmental isolate, S. Various molecular tools, including transposon mutagenesis, allelic exchange and reporter fusions, have been developed to facilitate the genetic analysis of the diverse activities of Stenotrophomonas spp. Phenotypic and genotypic studies as well as analysis of the ecological and metabolic diversity of these bacteria have revealed further differentiation at the species level. 15) but was transferred in 2008 to the genus Pseudoxanthomonas 16. Stenotrophomonas dokdonensis was described in 2006 (Ref. maltophilia, Stenotrophomonas nitritireducens 9, Stenotrophomonas rhizophila 10, Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila 11, Stenotrophomonas koreensis 12, Stenotrophomonas chelatiphaga 13, Stenotrophomonas terrae 14 and Stenotrophomonas humi 14. The genus currently comprises eight species, S. However, several studies subsequently demonstrated that the genus is capable of great metabolic versatility and intraspecific heterogeneity 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ( Fig. The genus name (from the Greek 'stenos', meaning narrow, 'trophus', meaning one who feeds and 'monas', meaning unit) was intended to highlight the limited nutritional range of the bacterium 1. This species was originally named Pseudomonas maltophilia by Hugh and Ryschenkoin 1961, but was later transferred to the genus Xanthomonas 2 before it was given its own genus 1. The genus Stenotrophomonas, which is phylogenetically placed in the Gammaproteobacteria, was first described with the type species Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 1. maltophilia strains has formed the basis for functional genomic analyses to test the contribution of specific functions to the tenacity of these bacteria in colonization, their broad resistance to antibiotics and their ability to enter into close associations with plants and humans. maltophilia has also been shown to possess a cell–cell signalling system that is mediated by a diffusible signal factor and is involved in modulating the production of extracellular protease, biofilm behaviour and virulence.ĭetermination of the genome sequences of clinical and endophytic S. ![]() maltophilia is the only species of Stenotrophomonas that is known to cause human disease and is a cause of bacteraemia, septicaemia and severe lung infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. ![]() These bacteria can degrade many xenobiotic compounds and so have the potential to be agents for bioremediation. can engage in beneficial interactions with plants, promoting growth and protecting plants from attack. have an important ecological role in the nitrogen and sulphur cycles and several Stenotrophomonas spp. ![]() are found throughout the environment, particularly in close association with plants.Ĭurrently, the genus comprises eight validly described species: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Stenotrophomonas nitritireducens, Stenotrophomonas rhizophila, Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila, Stenotrophomonas chelatiphaga, Stenotrophomonas koreensis, Stenotrophomonas terrae and Stenotrophomonas humi.
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